默克尔从 东德小女孩 到 德国铁娘子 难得一见的性感

安格拉 默克尔(Angela Merkel)于2005年当选德国历史上第一位女性总理，并在此后三次大选中成功连任，成为叱咤德国政坛的风云人物。在担任总理的十六年里，默克尔的名字已经拥有全球性影响力，她也是目前少数几位执政时间最长的政府领导人之一。

Angela Merkel was elected the first female chancellor in German history in 2005, and was successfully re elected in the following three general elections, becoming a man of the moment in German politics. In her 16 years as prime minister, Merkel's name has global influence. She is also one of the few government leaders who have been in power for the longest time.

2021年9月26日德国大选之后，默克尔将告别德国政坛，为自己的十六载总理生涯画上句号。一个默克尔的时代即将落幕。本周，我们将通过四期系列文章对她的从政生涯、对内政策和外交政策进行全方位解读和回顾。

After the German general election on September 26, 2021, Merkel will bid farewell to German politics and end her 16 year career as chancellor. An era of Merkel is coming to an end. This week, we will conduct a comprehensive interpretation and review of her political career, domestic policy and foreign policy through four series of articles.

政坛之上，她坚定果决、自信勇敢，是“德国铁娘子”，更被誉为“欧洲的良心”；而在政坛之外，她温柔可亲，颇具个人魅力。

In the political arena, she is firm and decisive, confident and brave. She is "the Iron Lady of Germany" and is also known as "the conscience of Europe"; Outside the political arena, she is gentle and amiable, with considerable personal charm.

我们不禁想知道，这样一位出身前东德的小姑娘是如何一步步成长为“政坛铁娘子”，并最终抵达权力的巅峰？

We can't help wondering how such a little girl born in former East Germany grew into an "iron lady in politics" step by step and finally reached the peak of power?

本文将从她幼年时期开始，为您讲述这位德国女性领导人背后的故事。

This article will tell you the story behind the German female leader from her childhood.

“非典型”东德生活下的青葱岁月

The green years of "atypical" East German life

1954年7月17日，默克尔出生在德国汉堡的一个牧师家庭。出生数周后，她的父亲就带着一家人离开汉堡，搬迁到前东德，3年后又举家搬到柏林北部的小城滕普林。

On July 17, 1954, Merkel was born in a priest's family in Hamburg, Germany. A few weeks after birth, her father left Hamburg with his family and moved to former East Germany. Three years later, her family moved to the small town of tenprin in the north of Berlin.

童年时期的默克尔 Foto: dpa

Childhood Merkel Foto: DPA

在默克尔眼中，她生活在一个“不是很典型”的牧师家庭。在当时前东德的环境下，默克尔的父母在家中为孩子们提供了充足且宁静的空间。默克尔也在回忆童年生活时说道：“我的童年没有阴影”。在当时特殊的时代背景下，默克尔从小便遵循了谨言慎行的处事原则。

In Merkel's eyes, she lives in a "not very typical" priest family. In the former East German environment at that time, Merkel's parents provided sufficient and quiet space for their children at home. Merkel also recalled her childhood and said, "my childhood has no shadow". Under the special background of the times at that time, Merkel followed the principle of cautious words and deeds from childhood.

中学时期的默克尔 Foto: dpa

Merkel Foto: DPA in middle school

默克尔天资聪颖，除德语外还精通俄语、英语和法语。1973年，凭借优秀的成绩和天赋，默克尔进入莱比锡大学攻读物理学。1978年毕业之后正式进入东德科学院柏林物理化学研究所工作学习，研究领域是量子化学，最终于1986年获得物理化学博士学位。物理学的严谨性、科学性深刻影响了默克尔从政后的作风：稳重且富有原则性。

Merkel is talented and proficient in Russian, English and French in addition to German. In 1973, with her outstanding achievements and talents, Merkel entered the University of Leipzig to study physics. After graduation in 1978, he officially entered the Berlin Institute of physical chemistry of the East German Academy of Sciences. His research field was quantum chemistry, and finally obtained his doctorate in physical chemistry in 1986. The rigor and scientificity of physics have deeply affected Merkel's style after she became a politician: steady and principled.

大学时期的默克尔 Foto: dpa

Angela Merkel in college Foto: DPA

从物理学家到科尔的小女孩

From physicist to Cole's little girl

1989年柏林墙倒塌为彼时还是物理学家的默克尔开启了一扇新的大门。她在同年12月加入了刚成立不久的东德“民主觉醒党”，希望在这个具有可塑性的政党里施展自己的政治抱负。

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 opened a new door for Merkel, who was a physicist at that time. In December of the same year, she joined the newly established East German "democratic awakening party", hoping to display her political aspirations in this plastic party.

1990年民主觉醒党与基民盟合并，默克尔随之成为基民盟的成员。3月18日，基民盟在前东德人民议院选举中大获全胜，默克尔也在两德统一前的短暂半年里，担任了东德政府的副新闻发言人。

In 1990, the Democratic awakening party merged with the CDU, and Merkel became a member of the CDU. On March 18, the CDU won a complete victory in the election of the former East German people's assembly. Merkel also served as the Deputy press spokesman of the East German government in the short six months before the reunification of the two Germany.

1990年默克尔担任东德政府副发言人时期 Foto: dpa

In 1990, when Merkel served as deputy spokesman of the East German government, Foto: DPA

1990年底，在两德统一后的第一次大选中，默克尔成功地获得了斯特拉尔松吕根格里门选区的直选席位，成为德国政坛上年轻的女议员。这引起了时任德国总理科尔的注意，在竞选议员结束后，科尔邀请她在总理府见面，二人聊了很久，默克尔最终得到了科尔的赏识，被科尔纳入了内阁。

At the end of 1990, in the first general election after the reunification of Germany and Germany, Merkel successfully won the directly elected seat in stralsson lugengrimen constituency and became a young female member of Parliament in German politics. This attracted the attention of then German Chancellor Kohl. After the election for parliament, Kohl invited her to meet at the chancellor's office. They talked for a long time. Merkel was finally appreciated by Kohl and joined the cabinet by Kohler.

默克尔与科尔 Foto: EPA

Merkel and Cole Foto: EPA

在科尔的关照下，默克尔成长迅速，在基民党内平步青云。1991年至1998年间，默克尔任基民盟副主席，并先后出任联邦妇女和青年部部长以及联邦环境、自然保护和反应堆安全部部长。科尔对她的关照不仅如此，还常常带她去会见各国政要。这让外界戏称她为“科尔的小女孩”。

Under Kohl's care, Merkel grew rapidly and rose steadily in the Christian Democratic Party. From 1991 to 1998, Merkel served as vice president of the CDU, and successively served as Minister of the Federal Ministry of women and youth and Minister of the Federal Ministry of environment, nature protection and reactor safety. Cole took care of her not only that, but also often took her to meet with dignitaries of various countries. This makes the outside world call her "Cole's little girl".

默克尔任联邦妇女与青年部长时期 Foto: dpa

Foto: DPA during Merkel's tenure as Federal Minister of women and youth

1995年，默克尔来到中国出席了在北京怀柔举行的联合国世界妇女大会，这也是默克尔首次与中国产生了联系。同年，她在柏林的联合国气候峰会上表现出色，在德国政坛逐渐站稳了脚跟。

In 1995, Merkel came to China to attend the United Nations World Conference on women held in Huairou, Beijing, which was the first time Merkel had contact with China. In the same year, she performed well at the UN climate summit in Berlin and gradually gained a foothold in German politics.

关于科尔为什么如此器重默克尔，外界普遍认为有三个理由，一是因为她的女性身份；二是因为她来自东德，当时德国刚刚统一，科尔认为内阁需要有来自东德的成员；三是因为她原先所在的政党属于少数政党，代表了少数群体。

As for why Cole values Merkel so much, it is generally believed that there are three reasons: first, her female identity; Second, because she came from East Germany, when Germany had just been unified, Cole thought that the cabinet needed members from East Germany; Third, her original political party belongs to a minority party and represents a minority group.

默克尔任联邦环境部长时期 Foto: dpa

Foto: DPA during Merkel's tenure as Federal Environment Minister

风雨十六载的总理生涯

Sixteen years of prime minister's career

1999年底，基民盟在科尔时期收受军火商政治献金的“黑金案”被揭露，全德震惊，基民盟的支持率一落千丈。出乎所有人意料的是，默克尔在《法兰克福汇报》发表了一篇文章，明确表示要与“恩师”科尔划清界线，认为他应该辞去基民盟名誉主席的职位。

At the end of 1999, the "black gold case" in which the CDU received political contributions from arms dealers during the Kohl period was exposed, shocked the whole of Germany, and the CDU's support rate plummeted. To everyone's surprise, Merkel published an article in the Frankfurt Herald, which made it clear that she wanted to draw a clear line with her "mentor" cole and believed that he should resign from the post of honorary chairman of the CDU.

1998年默克尔当选基民盟秘书长 Foto: EPA

In 1998, Merkel was elected secretary general of the CDU Foto: EPA

这篇文章引起了轩然大波，也成为了压倒科尔的最后一根稻草。默克尔此举既是意料之外，又是情理之中，人们这才发现，平日里沉默寡言的默克尔在毫不显眼的外表下埋藏着巨大的野心。她一刀划清了和科尔的界限，让基民盟上下在质疑默克尔“卑劣”的人品同时，也看到了一条生路，如果“黑金案”继续发酵，整个党派可能都无法翻身，于是政客们相继站在了默克尔身后。

This article caused an uproar and became the last straw to overwhelm Cole. Merkel's move was both unexpected and reasonable. People found that Merkel, who is usually silent, has great ambitions under her inconspicuous appearance. She drew the line with Kohl, so that the CDU not only questioned Merkel's "despicable" character, but also saw a way to survive. If the "black gold case" continued to ferment, the whole party might not be able to turn over, so politicians stood behind Merkel one after another.

默克尔的一篇文章不仅挽救了基民盟，也让自己在党内的支持率飙升。2000年，默克尔在党内选举中以96%的得票率成为基民盟新一任主席，登上了基民盟的权利顶峰。

Merkel's article not only saved the CDU, but also soared her support in the party. In 2000, Merkel became the new chairman of the CDU with 96% of the votes in the party election, and reached the peak of the CDU's power.

2000年默克尔当选基民盟主席 Foto: EPA

In 2000, Merkel was elected CDU president Foto: EPA

2000年以前，默克尔并没有什么值得令人称颂的政绩，但过去的经历让她积蓄了政治力量，逐步在德国政坛上站稳了脚跟。成功当选党主席后，她站上基民盟之巅，下一步便剑指德国总理之位。

Before 2000, Merkel had no praiseworthy political achievements, but her past experience allowed her to accumulate political power and gradually gain a foothold in German politics. After she was successfully elected as the party chairman, she stood at the top of the CDU and next pointed to the German Chancellor.

2005年11月22日，默克尔在联邦大选中以微弱的优势战胜了前总理施罗德，成为德国历史上首位女性总理，也是两德统一后首位出身前东德地区的联邦总理，并在此后2009年、2013年和2017年的三次大选中成功连任。

On November 22, 2005, Merkel defeated former chancellor Schroeder by a narrow margin in the federal election, becoming the first female chancellor in German history and the first Federal Chancellor born in the former East Germany after the reunification of the two Germany, and was successfully re elected in three general elections in 2009, 2013 and 2017.

2005年默克尔当选联邦总理后宣誓 Foto: EPA

After Merkel was elected Federal Chancellor in 2005, she took the oath of Foto: EPA

作为西方的政治家，要想在党内立于不败之地，仅靠个人魅力是远远不够的，强硬的政治手腕也必不可少。

As a Western politician, to be invincible in the party, personal charm alone is not enough, and tough political skills are also essential.

在执政的十几年中，默克尔曾面临多个竞争对手。前基民盟党团领导人梅尔茨(Friedrich Merz)一直是默克尔的党内竞争对手。梅尔茨一直被认为是基民盟内部保守势力的领导人，实力不凡。2002年9月，默克尔将党内的竞争对手、联盟党议会党团主席梅尔茨强行挤走，亲自兼任该职，还先后撤换了两任基民盟总书记，逐渐掌握了党内人事大权。梅尔茨后弃政从商，让位于默克尔的亲信考德尔(Volker Kauder)，梅是默克尔在维护权力的过程中被击溃的对手之一。

During her ten years in power, Merkel faced many competitors. Friedrich Merz, a former CDU leader, has always been Merkel's party rival. Melz has always been regarded as the leader of conservative forces within the CDU. In September 2002, Merkel forcibly squeezed out Mertz, the party's rival and chairman of the parliamentary caucus of the coalition party, and held the post in person. She also replaced two terms of general secretary of the CDU, gradually mastering the power of personnel in the party. Mertz later abandoned politics and business and gave way to Volker Kauder, Merkel's confidant. May was one of Merkel's defeated opponents in the process of safeguarding power.

德国人的妈妈，欧洲的保姆

German mother, European nanny

回顾默克尔的执政风格，可以用“务实、低调”来概括。受到早年科研经历的影响，默克尔总是努力将政治进程放缓，将问题独立分解，并在采取下一步行动之前像一位科学家一样分别观察并测试每一种解决方案。

Reviewing Merkel's ruling style, we can summarize it with "pragmatic and low-key". Influenced by her early scientific research experience, Merkel always tries to slow down the political process, decompose the problems independently, and observe and test each solution separately like a scientist before taking the next step.

另一方面，虽然默克尔所在的联盟党属于保守阵营，但她在执政时不排斥吸收左派理念，例如，默克尔积极推行环保政策，与社民党合作开展社会工作，注重维护妇女儿童的权益。此外，在2015年的难民危机中，默克尔的言行也为其在左派政党中赢得了不少拥趸。

On the other hand, although Merkel's coalition party belongs to the conservative camp, she does not exclude the absorption of leftist ideas when she is in power. For example, Merkel actively promotes environmental protection policies, cooperates with the Social Democratic Party to carry out social work, and pays attention to safeguarding the rights and interests of women and children. In addition, in the refugee crisis in 2015, Merkel's words and deeds also won many supporters among the left-wing parties.

2015年9月默克尔与一名难民合照 Foto: EPA

Merkel and a refugee in September 2015 Foto: EPA

在十六年的总理生涯中，默克尔先后带领德国跨过了全球金融危机、难民危机、气候变化和新冠疫情等大大小小的危机，收获了“危机总理”的名号。

In the sixteen years of his career as prime minister, Merkel has led Germany across the global financial crisis, refugee crisis, climate change and COVID-19 crisis.

正因如此，默克尔成为了德国民众心中不断传递信心的“妈咪默克尔”。德国电视二台(ZDF)2020年公布的长期民意调查显示，15年多以来，默克尔的支持率一直都在50%以上，最低也仅跌至52%(2010年)，最高时为86%(2014年)。

For this reason, Merkel has become the "Mommy Merkel" who constantly conveys confidence in the hearts of the German people. According to the long-term public opinion survey released by German television 2 (ZDF) in 2020, Merkel's support rate has been above 50% for more than 15 years, with a minimum of 52% (2010) and a maximum of 86% (2014).

Foto: Reuters

Foto: Reuters

不仅在德国国内，默克尔在整个欧洲政坛的影响力也无人能及。作为欧盟内部最大经济体的领导人，默克尔多年来一直努力在用自己的方式来维系并促进欧盟的一体化，在欧洲债务危机、英国脱欧等一系列重大事件的进程上发挥着着举足轻重的作用，担当起带领其他欧盟国家，并对其给予支持的“欧洲保姆”的角色。

Not only in Germany, Merkel's influence in European politics is unmatched. As the leader of the largest economy within the EU, Merkel has been trying to maintain and promote the integration of the EU in her own way for many years. She plays an important role in the process of a series of major events such as the European debt crisis and Britain's brexit. She plays the role of "European nanny" who leads and supports other EU countries.

离开的时间到了

It's time to leave

2015年，默克尔当选美国《时代》周刊评选的年度人物。截至2020年，默克尔连续9年蝉联《福布斯》全球100位最具影响力女性榜单榜首 。

In 2015, Merkel was elected the person of the year by time magazine. As of 2020, Merkel has topped the Forbes list of the world's 100 most influential women for nine consecutive years.

2015年默克尔当选《时代》周刊年度人物 Foto: time.com

In 2015, Merkel was elected Time magazine's person of the year Foto: time.com

2018年10月，默克尔宣布将会在2021年的大选后卸任联邦总理。在今年7月的最后一次夏季记者会上，有记者问默克尔，卸任总理后她会怀念什么。默克尔则回以标志性的简练话语：“只有当真正离开后，才会知道怀念些什么。因此这是一个留给未来的提问。”(“Was man vermisst, merkt man meistens erst, wenn man es nicht hat. Insofern ist es eine Frage für sp ter, ob ich es vermisse, ob ich es nicht vermisse, ob sich anderes ergibt.“)

In October 2018, Merkel announced that she would step down as Federal Chancellor after the general election in 2021. At the last summer press conference in July this year, a reporter asked Merkel what she would miss after stepping down as prime minister. Merkel replied with symbolic concise words: "only when you really leave, will you know what you miss. Therefore, this is a question for the future." ("was man vermisst, merkt man meistens erst, wenn man es nicht hat. Insofern ist es Eine frame f ü r SP ter, OB ICH es vermisse, OB ICH es nicht vermisse, OB Sich Anders ergibt.")

默克尔没有给出明确的答案。而人们在默克尔离开后会怀念什么，目前也尚未可知。但可以确定的是，由默克尔书写的传奇已经为德国乃至世界政坛留下了浓墨重彩的一笔。

Merkel did not give a clear answer. It is still unknown what people will miss after Merkel's departure. But it is certain that the legend written by Merkel has left a strong mark on German and even world politics.