孟加拉国女人遭受暴力侵害的原因是法律和教育不足

孟加拉国女人遭受暴力侵害的原因是法律和教育不足

Violence against women in Bangladesh is due to inadequate laws and education

赖莎·乔杜里

Raisa Chowdhury

早就应该有所改变了

Something should have changed long ago

找到问题的根源，是打破暴力侵害妇女恶性循环的唯一途径"一名BCL男子起诉在锡尔赫特强奸一名女学生.""一名男子因在达卡强奸两个嫂子而被送进监狱。""一名70岁的妇女在Munshiganj被强奸."

Finding the root of the problem is the only way to break the vicious circle of violence against women. "A BCL man sued for raping a female student in sirhet." "a man was sent to prison for raping two sister-in-law in Dhaka." "a 70 year old woman was raped in munshiganj."

"查特拉联盟领导人在萨奇拉因性骚扰被拘留.""一名80岁的老人在兰加马蒂强奸了一名身体残疾的女孩."继MC学院轮奸案之后，这些只是网上出现的一系列令人不安的头条新闻中的几个。

"The leader of the chatela alliance was detained in sachira for sexual harassment." an 80 year old raped a physically disabled girl in langamati. "These are just a few of a series of disturbing headlines on the Internet after the gang rape case of MC college.

MC学院轮奸案的受害者当时正和丈夫参观校园。据称，在Munshiganj，一名老妇人走出家门去做夜祷时被一名38岁的男子强奸，当时她已70岁。

The victim of MC college gang rape was visiting the campus with her husband. In munshiganj, an old woman was allegedly raped by a 38 year old man when she was 70 years old when she went out to do night prayers.

婴儿和青春期前儿童被强奸的事件从未如此普遍，家庭成员对幼儿进行性骚扰的事件也从未如此普遍。那么，真正的趋势是什么呢？

Rape of infants and pre adolescent children has never been so common, nor has sexual harassment of young children by family members been so common. So what is the real trend?

事实是——没有趋势。我国妇女没有防止性攻击和人身攻击的安全网；年纪大了，生病了，年轻到甚至没有意识到这样的暴行，在一个值得信任的男人的陪伴下，在家-没有什么能保证一个女人的安全。

The truth is - there is no trend. Our women do not have a safety net to prevent sexual and physical attacks; Old, sick, young enough to not even realize such atrocities, accompanied by a trusted man, at home - nothing can guarantee a woman's safety.

性骚扰和强奸是我国妇女越来越习惯的唯一的暴力形式吗？

Are sexual harassment and rape the only forms of violence to which women in our country are increasingly accustomed?

可悲的是，答案是否定的；除了性暴力之外，在孟加拉国，各行各业的妇女每天都面临着身体、心理和经济暴力。他们中的许多人，沉默着。

Sadly, the answer is no; In addition to sexual violence, women in all walks of life in Bangladesh face physical, psychological and economic violence every day. Many of them were silent.

这些法律以许多不同的形式颁布，最普遍的形式是亲密伴侣暴力(IPV，与家庭暴力互换)、勒索、工作场所暴力和骚扰、人口贩运、不平等报酬、童婚、强迫早婚和泼硫酸。

These laws are enacted in many different forms, the most common of which are intimate partner violence (IPV), extortion, workplace violence and harassment, human trafficking, unequal remuneration, child marriage, forced early marriage and acid splashing.

看统计数据

Look at the statistics

与2018年相比，2019年该国强奸受害者人数翻了一番；在新冠肺炎大流行期间，平均每天有四名妇女被强奸。孟加拉国的IPV比率也很高，有一半15岁或以上的已婚妇女报告说，她们一生中遭受过身体和/或性暴力(孟加拉国统计局，2016年)。

The number of rape victims in the country doubled in 2019 compared with 2018; During novel coronavirus pneumonia, four women were raped on average. The IPV rate in Bangladesh is also high, with half of married women aged 15 or over reporting that they have suffered physical and / or sexual violence in their lifetime (Bangladesh Bureau of statistics, 2016).

该国约59%的妇女在18岁之前结婚，22%的妇女在15岁之前结婚。孟加拉国妇女深受丈夫的心理暴力之苦，超过80%的妇女报告说她们一生中经历过这种暴力，其中72%发生在过去12个月。

bout 59 per cent of women in the country marry before the age of 18 and 22 per cent before the age of 15. Bangladeshi women suffered from their husbands' psychological violence. More than 80% of women reported that they had experienced such violence in their life, of which 72% occurred in the past 12 months.

约50%从未结过婚的女性一生中曾经历过经济暴力，而三分之一的女性在调查开始后的12个月内经历过经济暴力。

About 50% of women who have never been married have experienced economic violence in their lifetime, while one third of women have experienced economic violence within 12 months after the beginning of the survey.

同样，该国在性别不平等指数中排名第119位，在全球性别差距指数中排名第72位。基于性别的暴力(GBV)是所有社会中最显著的侵犯人权行为之一，GBV教对我国妇女的高比率描绘了一幅病态但却准确的画面，反映了在我们父权制社会中普遍存在的根深蒂固的男性主导心理。

Similarly, the country ranks 119th in the gender inequality index and 72nd in the global gender gap index. Gender based violence (GBV) is one of the most significant violations of human rights in all societies. The high ratio of GBV to women in China depicts a morbid but accurate picture, reflecting the deep-rooted male dominant psychology prevalent in our patriarchal society.

尽管来自所有社会经济背景的妇女都面临这种暴力，但它正日益成为一个偏向工作家庭和低收入家庭妇女的问题。

Although women from all socio-economic backgrounds face such violence, it is increasingly becoming a problem in favour of women from working families and low-income families.

法律和漏洞

Laws and loopholes

当我们全力以赴抗击这种瘟疫时，我们必须对未来几年我们希望看到的变化有一个愿景。目前，有许多法律和法令保护妇女免受此类犯罪，其中包括1860年《刑法典》第375和376条、《防止压迫妇女和儿童法》、1980年《禁止嫁妆法》和2010年《家庭暴力(预防和保护)法》。

As we go all out to fight this plague, we must have a vision of the changes we want to see in the coming years. At present, there are many laws and decrees to protect women from such crimes, including articles 375 and 376 of the criminal code of 1860, the prevention of oppression of women and children act, the dowry Prohibition Act of 1980 and the domestic violence (prevention and protection) act of 2010.

然而，几乎没有实施。更糟糕的是，政策框架中存在许多漏洞，继续阻碍对犯罪人的起诉。《刑法典》第375条规定，已婚夫妇之间未经同意的性交(前提是妻子年满13岁)不构成强奸，必须修正该条，以承认婚内强奸，这是孟加拉国最常见的IPV形式之一。

However, there is little implementation. Worse, there are many loopholes in the policy framework that continue to impede the prosecution of offenders. Article 375 of the Criminal Code stipulates that sexual intercourse between married couples without consent (provided that the wife has reached the age of 13) does not constitute rape and must be amended to recognize marital rape, one of the most common forms of IPV in Bangladesh.

诸如1860年《刑法典》第509节和《防止压迫妇女和儿童法》第10节等法律中使用的有问题的措辞，将重点放在原告的“谦虚”上，需要修改以消除这种重点，因为它们引发了一连串关于受害者性格的不相关、羞辱性和无根据的讨论，这进一步伤害了他们，并阻止其他受害者提出投诉。

Problematic wording used in laws such as section 509 of the criminal code of 1860 and section 10 of the prevention of oppression of women and children act focuses on the "modesty" of the plaintiffs and needs to be modified to eliminate this focus, as they trigger a series of irrelevant, humiliating and groundless discussions about the character of the victims, which further hurt them, And prevent other victims from filing complaints.

此外，没有关于工作场所性骚扰的具体法律，除了以准则形式的指令；必须通过一项有效的法律来填补这一空白，如2018年10月由九个组织组成的平台在民族新闻俱乐部举行的新闻发布会上提出的“2018年工作场所性骚扰预防法案”草案。

In addition, there is no specific law on sexual harassment in the workplace, except for directives in the form of guidelines; An effective law must be adopted to fill this gap, such as the draft "prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace act 2018" proposed by the platform composed of nine organizations at the press conference held by the National Press Club in October 2018.

一线希望

A glimmer of hope

很长一段时间以来，我们一直致力于通过引入新的政策来减轻GBV教对妇女的歧视，这些政策承诺对犯罪者进行严厉的惩罚，不用说，没有取得多少结果。为了消灭这一持续的社会流行病，现在是我们关注问题根源的时候了——不平等的性别关系和重男轻女的权威，男孩和女孩从很小的时候就在家里和他们的社区里目睹(并受到)这种权威。

For a long time, we have been committed to reducing GBV's discrimination against women through the introduction of new policies. These policies promise severe punishment for offenders. Needless to say, they have not achieved much results. In order to eradicate this persistent social epidemic, it is time for us to pay attention to the root causes of the problem - unequal gender relations and patriarchal authority, which boys and girls have witnessed (and received) at an early age in their homes and their communities.

这些经历塑造了他们在晚年制造暴力和容忍暴力的倾向。在孟加拉国，在童年时目睹过男性对母亲IPV的年轻男性，在成年后更有可能证明IPV教是正确的，控制家庭决策，并实施身体IPV(BDHS，2007年)。

These experiences shaped their tendency to create violence and tolerate violence in their later years. In Bangladesh, young men who witnessed male to mother IPV in childhood are more likely to prove that IPV teaching is correct, control family decision-making and implement physical IPV in adulthood (BDHS, 2007).

解决这一问题的唯一途径是确保在全国各级公立和私立教育机构提供全面的性教育。全面的性教育是一种基于权利和注重性别的性教育方法，无论是在学校还是在校外。这种教育持续几年，提供与年轻人不断发展的能力相一致的适龄信息。

The only way to solve this problem is to ensure that comprehensive sex education is provided in public and private educational institutions at all levels throughout the country. Comprehensive sex education is a rights based and gender sensitive approach to sex education, both in and out of school. This education lasts for several years and provides age appropriate information consistent with the evolving abilities of young people.

目前，人口基金与各国政府和合作伙伴合作，制定和实施符合国际技术标准的综合性教育方案。孟加拉国可以从这种伙伴关系中受益匪浅。

Currently, UNFPA works with governments and partners to develop and implement comprehensive education programmes that meet international technical standards. Bangladesh can benefit greatly from this partnership.

为了确保这一主张的可行性，可以利用对分散培训设施的投资，加上人口基金的技术和财政支持，来制定一项最适合我国国情的计划。这就最大限度地减少了挑战某些信仰结构的阻力，尤其是在农村地区。这可能意味着在学校课程中引入小的、渐进的变化，以避免来自家庭的积极抵制。

In order to ensure the feasibility of this proposition, investment in decentralized training facilities, coupled with UNFPA technical and financial support, can be used to develop a plan best suited to our national conditions. This minimizes resistance to challenging certain belief structures, especially in rural areas. This may mean introducing small, gradual changes into the school curriculum to avoid positive resistance from the family.

针对问题的根源是打破跨代重男轻女价值观恶性循环的唯一途径，这种价值观助长了暴力侵害妇女和女孩行为，使其无法传递给每一代“下一代”。如果成功，它将在下一代人的头脑中培养积极的平等观念，而不是男性至上，更好地理解同意，以及大胆反对暴力的勇气。

Addressing the root causes of the problem is the only way to break the vicious circle of intergenerational patriarchal values, which promote violence against women and girls and prevent it from being passed on to each generation "next generation". If successful, it will cultivate a positive concept of equality in the minds of the next generation, rather than male supremacy, a better understanding of consent and the courage to boldly oppose violence.

对于一个数十万妇女的身体获得解放的国家来说，保护妇女免受这种无情暴力的实际变革早就应该进行了，这些妇女是一场非人化、有系统的种族灭绝强奸运动的受害者。

For a country where the bodies of hundreds of thousands of women have been liberated, practical changes to protect women from this ruthless violence are long overdue. These women are the victims of a dehumanized and systematic campaign of genocide and rape.

赖莎·乔杜里是一名自由撰稿人。

Raisa Chowdhury is a freelance writer.

发布于 2020-10-07 10:15

Published at 10:15, October 7, 2020